White and blue are two principal colors which define the Aqua style. Title bars, window backgrounds, buttons, menus and other interface elements are all found in white, and some, like scrollbars and menu items, are accented with a shade of blue. Most of the interface elements have a “glass” or “gel” effect applied to them; [...]
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The Apple II family of the 1980s Apple now had two separate, incompatible platforms: the Apple II, an affordable, expandable home computer, and the Apple Macintosh, the closed platform for professionals. John Gruber, among others, has speculated that this platform incompatibility was the main reason the Macintosh did not share the initial commercial success which [...]

Acorn Computers An early implementation of the taskbar concept is seen in Acorn Computers Arthur operating system, which was released in 1987 for their Acorn Archimedes computer. It is called the ”Iconbar” and remains an essential part of Arthur’s succeeding RISC OS operating system. The Iconbar holds icons which represent mounted disc drives and RAM [...]

Initially designed to run on AT&T Hobbit-based hardware, BeOS was later modified to run on PowerPC-based processors: first Be’s own systems, later Apple, Inc.’s PowerPC Reference Platform and Common Hardware Reference Platform, with the hope that Apple would purchase or license BeOS as a replacement for its then aging Mac OS Classic. Apple CEO Gil [...]

1979 to 1984: Development The Macintosh project started in the late 1970s with Jef Raskin, an Apple employee, who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the name had to be changed for legal reasons as it was [...]

Pre-foundation By the early 1980s, Apple Computer faced increasing competition. While the Apple II was already established as a successful business-ready platform because of Visicalc, Apple was not content. The Apple III (Apple 3) was designed to take on the IBM PC in the business environment. The Apple III was a relatively conservative design for [...]

* Keyboard: Full-stroke mechanical, 85 keys, * Mouse: 2 button opto-mechanical * Central processing unit: Motorola 68040, 25 MHz or 33 MHz (Turbo) * Memory: 8 MB (8 MiB) (12 MB for a NeXTstation Color), up to 32 MB in non-Turbo models, 128 MB in Turbos * Display resolution: 1120 × 832 * Colors: NeXTstation: [...]
OS core * Stored in ROM – This gives a fast bootup time and safety from operating system corruption. RISC OS 4 and 5 are stored in 4 MB of Flash ROM, allowing the operating system to be updated without having to replace the ROM chip. * Module-based – The operating system is made up [...]

The concept of a ”resource manager” for graphics objects, to save memory, originated in the OOZE package on the Alto in Smalltalk-76. The concept is now largely universal in all modern operating systems. However, the concept of the resource fork remains peculiar to the Macintosh. Most operating systems used a binary file containing resources, which [...]

Pink In March 1987, technical middle managers at Apple held an offsite meeting to plan the future course of Mac OS development. Ideas were written on index cards; features that seemed simple enough to implement in the short term (like adding color to the user interface) were written on blue cards, longer-term goals like multitasking [...]
Through the evolution of user interfaces, the menu bar has been implemented in different ways by different user interfaces and application programs. Macintosh In the Macintosh operating system, the menu bar is a horizontal “bar” anchored to the top of the screen. In Mac OS X, the left side contains the Apple menu and the [...]
While an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980, Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE. After leaving CERN in 1980, he went to work at John Poole’s Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in [...]

Objective-C today is often used in tandem with a fixed library of standard objects (often known as a “kit” or “framework”), such as Cocoa or GNUstep. These libraries often come with the operating system: the GNUstep libraries often come with Linux distributions and Cocoa comes with Mac OS X. The programmer is not forced to [...]
The design of GoboLinux is influenced by earlier systems such as NEXTSTEP, AtheOS and BeOS, which adopted original filesystem structures while still maintaining a considerable degree of compatibility with Unix. At the root of the GoboLinux tree, there are six directories: Programs, Users, System, Files, Mount and Depot. The contents of each are described below. [...]
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