All attendees have to sign a non-disclosure agreement covering the sessions and other material handed out at WWDC. In the past, the keynote was also covered by the NDA, but Apple in recent years has webcast the keynote address to an audience much wider than just developers. Before 2002, WWDC was not a place for hardware announcements, but Apple deviated from that principle in 2002 when it announced the rack mounted server Xserve, in 2003 with the introduction of the consumer-oriented iSight and the Power Mac G5, in 2004 with the introduction of redesigned Apple Cinema Displays, in 2005, when an announcement was made that Apple Computer would start the transition of their computers from IBM’s PowerPC microprocessor line to Intel’s line of x86 processors, and in 2006 with the release of the Xeon-based Mac Pro and Xserve.

In 2003, WWDC was merged with another Apple trade show called QuickTime Live. The number of QuickTime sessions was increased, and the Apple Design Awards were joined by Apple Design Awards for QuickTime Content. At the same time, more enterprise-oriented content was added, focusing a lot on the Xserve and Mac OS X Server operating system.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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File and Print Services

* Mac (AFP, AppleTalk PAP, IPP)

* Windows (SMB/CIFS, IPP)

* Unix-like systems (NFS, LPR/LPD, IPP)

* Internet (FTP, WebDAV)

Directory Services and Authentication

* Open Directory (OpenLDAP, Kerberos, SASL)

* NT Domain Services (Samba 3)

* Backup Domain Controller (BDC)

* LDAP directory connector

* Active Directory connector

* BSD configuration files (/etc)

* RADIUS

Mail Services

* SMTP (Postfix)

* POP and IMAP (Dovecot)

* SSL/TLS encryption (OpenSSL)

* Mailing lists (Mailman)

* Webmail (SquirrelMail)

* Junk mail filtering (SpamAssassin)

* Virus detection (ClamAV)

Calendaring

* iCal Server (CalDAV, iTIP, iMIP)

Web Hosting

* Apache web server (2.2 and 1.3)

* SSL/TLS (OpenSSL)

* WebDAV

* Perl (5.8.8), PHP (5.2), Ruby (1.8.6), Rails (1.2.3)

* MySQL 5

* Capistrano, Mongrel

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Collaboration Services

* Wiki Server (RSS)

* iChat Server 2 (XMPP)

Application Servers

* Apache Tomcat (6)

* Java SE virtual machine

* WebObjects Deployment (5.4)

* Apache Axis (SOAP)

Media Streaming

* QuickTime Streaming Server 6

* QuickTime Broadcaster 1.5

Client Management

* Managed Preferences

* NetBoot

* NetInstall

* Software Update Server

* Portable home directories

Networking and VPN

* DNS server (BIND 9)

* DHCP server

* NAT server

* VPN server (L2TP/IPSec, PPTP)

* Firewall (IPFW2)

* NTP

|

Distributed Computing

* Xgrid 2

High-Availability Features

* Automatic recovery

* File system journaling

* IP failover

* Software RAID

* Disk space monitor

File Systems

* HFS+ (journaled, case sensitive and case insensitive)

* FAT

* NTFS (write support only available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server)

* UFS (read-only)

Management Features

* Server Assistant

* Server Admin

* Server Preferences

* Server Status widget

* Workgroup Manager

* System Image Utility

* Secure Shell (SSH2)

* Server Monitor

* RAID Utility

* SNMPv3 (Net-SNMP)

|}

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Mac OS X Server, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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ZFS is part of Sun’s own Solaris operating system and is thus available on both SPARC and x86-based systems. Since the code for ZFS is open source, a port to other operating systems and platforms can be produced without Sun’s involvement.

OpenSolaris

OpenSolaris 2008.05 and 2009.06 use ZFS as their default filesystem. [http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/distribution/links/ There are a half dozen 3rd party distributions.]

FreeBSD

FreeBSD version 8 includes a much-updated implementation of ZFS.. zpool version 13 is supported in 8.0-RELEASE. zpool version 14 support was added to the 8-STABLE branch on 11 January 2010, and is included in 8.1-RELEASE.

Pawel Jakub Dawidek ported ZFS to FreeBSD, and it has been part of FreeBSD since version 7.0. 7-stable is on zpool version 13 while 8-stable and the current development branch uses ZFS version 14. Moreover, zfsboot has been implemented in both branches. It’s fully functional; the only missing features are kernel CIFS server and iSCSI.

GNU/kFreeBSD

GNU/kFreeBSD is a special case, because by virtue of being based on the kernel of FreeBSD, it provides the kernel side of ZFS support (see above). However, it depends on the distribution of GNU/kFreeBSD whether the necessary userland tools are available. The only distribution of this system to the date (Debian GNU/kFreeBSD) provides ZFS utilities in the [http://packages.debian.org/sid/zfsutils zfsutils package].

NetBSD

ZFS port was started as a part of the 2007 Google Summer of Code and in August 2009 the

Mac OS X

The first indication of Apple Inc.’s interest in ZFS was an April 2006 post on the opensolaris.org zfs-discuss mailing list where an Apple employee mentioned being interested in porting ZFS to their Mac OS X operating system.

In the release version of Mac OS X 10.5, ZFS was available in read-only mode from the command line, which lacks the possibility to create zpools or write to them. Before the 10.5 release, Apple released the “ZFS Beta Seed v1.1″, which allowed read-write access and the creation of zpools, however the installer for the “ZFS Beta Seed v1.1″ has been reported to only work on version 10.5.0, and has not been updated for version 10.5.1 and above.

In August 2007, Apple opened a ZFS project on their Mac OS Forge site. On that site, Apple provided the source code and binaries of their port of ZFS which includes read-write access, but there was no installer available until a third-party developer created one.

In October 2009, Apple announced a shutdown of the ZFS project on Mac OS Forge. No explanation was given, just the following statement: “The ZFS project has been discontinued. The mailing list and repository will also be removed shortly.” Versions of the previously released source and binaries, as well as the wiki, have been preserved and development has been adopted by a group of enthusiasts.

Complete ZFS support was once advertised as a feature of Snow Leopard Server (Mac OS X Server 10.6). However, all references to this feature have been silently removed; it is no longer listed on the Snow Leopard Server features page. Apple has not commented regarding the omission.

Linux

Porting ZFS to Linux is complicated by the fact that the GNU General Public License, which governs the Linux kernel, is incompatible with the Sun CDDL under which ZFS is distributed. According to some developers a single derived work of both projects cannot be legally distributed, as it is not possible to simultaneously meet both licenses’ requirements. To include ZFS in the Linux kernel it would have to be cleanly reimplemented, and patents may hamper this.

Another solution to this problem was to port ZFS to Linux’s FUSE system so the filesystem runs in userspace instead, where it is not considered a derived work of the kernel. A project to do this was sponsored by Google’s Summer of Code program in 2006 The original [http://www.wizy.org/wiki/ZFS_on_FUSE ZFS on FUSE project is available here.] Sun Microsystems has stated that a Linux port is being investigated. Development for ZFS on FUSE/Linux now takes place at [http://zfs-fuse.net/ zfs-fuse.net].

A native port of ZFS for Linux is [http://github.com/behlendorf/zfs being worked on]. This ZFS on Linux port was produced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 (Contract 44) between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) for the operation of LLNL. It has been approved for release under LLNL-CODE-403049. It does not yet implement ZPL layer, thus it’s not possible to use it as a filesystem.

Another native port is also being worked on by KQ Infotech [http://kqinfotech.wordpress.com/2009/10/23/hello-world/]. No code has been released yet, although closed beta testing has started.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article ZFS, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system.

The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

Software applications for word processing, Internet browsing, Internet faxing, e-mail and other digital messaging, multimedia playback, computer game play and computer programming are common. The user of a modern personal computer may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer. Therefore, most software written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or “user-friendliness” in mind. However, the software industry continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user.

Operating system

An operating system (OS) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating computer networking and managing files.

Common contemporary desktop OSes are Microsoft Windows (92.77% market share), Mac OS X (5.12%), Linux (0.95%), Solaris and FreeBSD. Windows, Mac, and Linux all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of the aforementioned OSs were inspired by, or directly inherited from, the Unix operating system. Unix was developed at Bell Labs beginning in the late 1960s and spawned the development of numerous free and proprietary operating systems.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is the collective brand name of several software operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named ”Windows” in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 which was available at retail on October 22, 2009.

Mac OS X

Mac OS X is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc.. Mac OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple’s primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessors, Mac OS X is a Unix-based graphical operating system. The most recent version of Mac OS X is Mac OS X 10.6 “Snow Leopard”, and the current server version is Mac OS X Server 10.6.

Linux

Linux is a family of Unix-like computer operating systems. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development: typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone. The name “Linux” comes from the Linux kernel, started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The system’s utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution is the basis for the alternative name GNU/Linux.

Known for its use in servers as part of the LAMP application stack, Linux is supported by corporations such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, Canonical Ltd. and Sun Microsystems. It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer hardware, including desktop computers, netbooks, supercomputers, video game systems, such as the PlayStation 3, several arcade games, and embedded devices such as mobile phones, portable media players, routers, and stage lighting systems.

Applications

A computer user will apply application software to carry out a specific task. System software supports applications and provides common services such as memory management, network connectivity, or device drivers; all of which may be used by applications but which are not directly of interest to the end user. A simple, if imperfect analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system). The power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user.

Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an ”application suite”. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application.

End-user development tailors systems to meet the user’s specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Personal computer, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Mac OS X Server comes with a variety of configuration tools that can be installed on non-server Macs as well:

* Server Admin

* Server Preferences (application)

* Server Assistant

* Server Monitor

* System Image Utility

* Workgroup Manager

* Xgrid Admin

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Mac OS X Server, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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System requirements for Mac OS X Server 10.4 are as follows:

System requirements for Mac OS X Server 10.5 are as follows:

System requirements for Mac OS X Server 10.6 are as follows:

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Mac OS X Server, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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WebObjects is a Java web application server from Apple Inc., and a web application framework that runs on the server. It is available, at no additional cost, as part of the Xcode Developer Tools included with Apple’s Mac OS X operating system. Its hallmark features are its object-orientation, database connectivity, and prototyping tools. Applications created with WebObjects can be deployed as web sites, Java Web Start desktop applications, and/or standards-based web services.

WebObjects was created by NeXT Software, Inc., first publicly demonstrated at the Object World conference in 1995 and released to the public in March 1996. The time and cost benefits of rapid, object-oriented development attracted major corporations to WebObjects in the early days of e-commerce, with clients including Disney, Dell Computer, and BBC News. However, following NeXT’s merger into Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects’ public profile has languished in the marketplace. With many early adopters having since switched to alternative technologies, Apple is now the biggest client for WebObjects, relying on it to power its online Apple Store, MobileMe online services, and the iTunes Store — WebObjects’ highest-profile implementation to date.

Despite the drop in interest, Apple has continued to grow and improve WebObjects, announcing a renewed commitment to the product and its developer base at their World Wide Developer’s Conference in June 2007. The WebObjects development tools and frameworks are now a part of the install package for Apple’s free Xcode IDE for Mac OS X,

While WebObjects is supported only on the Mac OS X platform, the deployment runtime is pure Java, and Apple allows users to deploy WebObjects applications on any platform which supports Java. One can use the included WebObjects Java SE application server or deploy on third-party Java EE application servers such as JBoss, Apache Tomcat, WebLogic Server or IBM WebSphere.

To ease the transition to a Mac OS X-only development solution, Apple continues to sell the earlier version 5.2, which includes development tools for Windows 2000 Professional and official deployment support for Windows 2000 Server and Solaris 8.

WebObjects was cut as a default install from Apple’s latest server operating system, Snow Leopard Server. However, this does not indicate the product was discontinued, and may simply reflect an attempt to again partially disassociate with the proprietary Mac OS.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article WebObjects, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Samba is a free software re-implementation, originally developed by Australian Andrew Tridgell, of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol. As of version 3, Samba provides file and print services for various Microsoft Windows clients and can integrate with a Windows Server domain, either as a Primary Domain Controller (PDC) or as a domain member. It can also be part of an Active Directory domain.

Samba runs on most Unix and Unix-like systems, such as Linux, Solaris, AIX and the BSD variants, including Apple’s Mac OS X Server (which was added to the Mac OS X client in version 10.2). Samba is standard on nearly all distributions of Linux and is commonly included as a basic system service on other Unix-based operating systems as well. Samba is released under the GNU General Public License. The name ”Samba” comes from SMB (Server Message Block), the name of the standard protocol used by the Microsoft Windows network file system.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Samba (software), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Mac OS X Server is a Unix server operating system from Apple Inc. The server edition of Mac OS X is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart, except that it includes work group management and administration software tools. These tools provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others. Also included (particularly in later versions) are numerous additional services and the tools to manage them, such as web server, wiki server, chat server, calendar server, and many others.

Mac OS X Server is the operating system of Xserve computers, rack mounted server computers designed by Apple. Also, it is optionally preinstalled on the Mac mini and Mac Pro and is sold separately for use on any Macintosh computer meeting its minimum requirements.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Mac OS X Server, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Despite NeXT’s limited commercial success, the company had a profound impact on the computer industry. Object-oriented programming and graphical user interfaces became more common after the 1988 release of the NeXTcube and NeXTSTEP, when other companies started to emulate NeXT’s object-oriented system. Apple started the Taligent project in 1989, with the goal of building a NeXT-like operating system for the Macintosh, with collaboration from both HP and IBM.

Microsoft announced the Cairo project in 1991; the Cairo specification included similar object-oriented user interface features for a coming consumer version of Windows NT. Although the project was ultimately abandoned, some elements were integrated into other projects. By 1994, Microsoft and NeXT were collaborating on a Windows NT-port of OpenStep; the port, however, was never released.

WebObjects failed to achieve wide popularity partly because of the initial high price of $50,000, but it remains the first and most prominent early example of a web application server which enabled dynamic page generation based on user interactions as opposed to static content. WebObjects is now bundled with Mac OS X Server and Xcode.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article NeXT, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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